![]() ![]() The broken symmetry of the DIS potentially assists Env binding to two CD4 receptors-while resisting antibody binding-and promotes extension of the gp41 HR1 helical coiled-coil, which relocates the fusion peptide closer to the target cell membrane. Breaking conformational symmetry is allosterically coupled with dynamic helical transformations of the gp41 N-terminal heptad repeat (HR1 N) regions in two protomers and with trimer tilting in the membrane. ![]() Cleaved and uncleaved Env trimers assumed remarkably consistent yet distinct asymmetric conformations, with one smaller and two larger opening angles. The cleaved Env trimers exhibited tighter subunit packing than uncleaved trimers. Here, we present cryo-EM structures at near-atomic resolution of two cleaved full-length HIV-1 Env trimers purified from cell membranes in styrene-maleic acid lipid nanoparticles without antibodies or receptors. ![]() Addressing a broad spectrum of topics, this publication provides a wealth of information for basic scientists, clinical researchers and clinical practitioners alike.During virus entry, the pretriggered human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer initially transits into a default intermediate state (DIS) that remains structurally uncharacterized. Lipid functionality and utility in pediatric, adult surgical and critically ill patients are covered, as is the use of lipids in long-term home parenteral nutrition. Contributions discuss the latest findings in the field, ranging from pre-clinical research to the most recent clinical trials. This book brings together articles written by leading international authorities in the area of intravenous lipids. These new lipids offer the opportunity to deliver high amounts of fatty acids and possess different functional properties: in particular, they can influence inflammatory processes, immune responses and hepatic metabolism. ![]() Over the last 15 years, new and improved lipids that include olive oil and/or fish oil have replaced the more traditional ones. Lipids have been in clinical use as components of intravenous nutrition for over 50 years. ![]()
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